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World Charter for Nature (1982)
The General Assembly,
Reaffirmingthe fundamental purposes of the United Nations, in particular the maintenance of international peace and security, the development of friendly relations among nations and the achievement of international cooperation in solving international problems of an economic, social, cultural, technical, intellectual or humanitarian character,
Awarethat:
(a) Mankind is a part of nature and life depends on the uninterrupted functioning of natural systems which ensure the supply of energy and nutrients,
(b) Civilization is rooted in nature, which has shaped human culture and influenced all artistic and scientific achievements, and living in harmony with nature gives man the best opportunities for the development of his creativity, and for rest and recreation,
Convincedthat:
(a) Every form of life is unique, warranting respect regardless of its worth to man, and, to accord other organisms such recognition, man must be guided by a moral code of action,
(b) Man can alter nature and exhaust natural resources by his action or its consequences and, therefore, must fully recognize the urgency of maintaining the stability and quality of nature and of conserving natural resources,
Persuadedthat:
(a) Lasting benefits from nature depend upon the maintenance of essential ecological processes and life support systems, and upon the diversity of life forms, which are jeopardized through excessive exploitation and habitat destruction by man,
(b) The degradation of natural systems owing to excessive consumption and misuse of natural resources, as well as to failure to establish an appropriate economic order among peoples and among States, leads to the breakdown of the economic, social and political framework of civilization,
(c) Competition for scarce resources creates conflicts, whereas the conservation of nature and natural resources contributes to justice and the maintenance of peace and cannot be achieved until mankind learns to live in peace and to forsake war and armaments,
Reaffirmingthat man must acquire the knowledge to maintain and enhance his ability to use natural resources in a manner which ensures the preservation of the species and ecosystems for the benefit of present and future generations,
Firmly convincedof the need for appropriate measures, at the national and international, individual and collective, and private and public levels, to protect nature and promote international co-operation in this field,
Adopts, to these ends, the present World Charter for Nature, which proclaims the following principles of conservation by which all human conduct affecting nature is to be guided and judged.
I. GENERAL PRINCIPLES
1. Nature shall be respected and its essential processes shall not be impaired.
2. The genetic viability on the earth shall not be compromised; the population levels of all life forms, wild and domesticated, must be at least sufficient for their survival, and to this end necessary habitat shall be safeguarded.
3. All areas of the earth, both land and sea, shall be subject to these principles of conservation; special protection shall be given to unique areas, to representative samples of all the different types of ecosystems and to the habitat of rare or endangered species.
4. Ecosystems and organisms, as well as the land, marine and atmospheric resources that are utilized by man, shall be managed to achieve and maintain optimum sustainable productivity, but not in such a way as to endanger the integrity of those other ecosystems or species with which they coexist.
5. Nature shall be secured against degradation caused by warfare or other hostile activities.
II. FUNCTIONS
6. In the decision-making process it shall be recognized that man's needs can be met only by ensuring the proper functioning of natural systems and by respecting the principles set forth in the present Charter.
7. In the planning and implementation of social and economic development activities, due account shall be taken of the fact that the conservation of nature is an integral part of those activities.
8. In formulating long-term plans for economic development, population growth and the improvement of standards of living, due account shall be taken of the long-term capacity of natural systems to ensure the subsistence and settlement of the populations concerned, recognizing that this capacity may be enhanced through science and technology.
9. The allocation of areas of the earth to various uses shall be planned and due account shall be taken of the physical constraints, the biological productivity and diversity and the natural beauty of the areas concerned.
10. Natural resources shall not be wasted, but used with a restraint appropriate to the principles set forth in the present Charter, in accordance with the following rules:
(a) Living resources shall not be utilized in excess of their natural capacity for regeneration;
(b) The productivity of soils shall be maintained or enhanced through measures which safeguard their long-term fertility and the process of organic decomposition, and prevent erosion and all other forms of degradation;
(c) Resources, including water, which are not consumed as they are used shall be reused or recycled;
(d) Non-renewable resources which are consumed as they are used shall be exploited with restraint, taking into account their abundance, their rational possibilities of converting them for consumption, and the compatibility of their exploitation with the functioning of natural systems.
11. Activities which might have an impact on nature shall be controlled, and the best available technologies that minimize significant risks to nature or other adverse effects shall be used; in particular:
(a) Activities which are likely to cause irreversible damage to nature shall be avoided;
(b) Activities which are likely to pose a significant risk to nature shall be preceded by an exhaustive examination; their proponents shall demonstrate that expected benefits outweigh potential damage to nature, and where potential adverse effects are not fully understood, the activities should not proceed;
(c) Activities which may disturb nature shall be preceded by assessment of their consequences, and environmental impact studies of development projects shall be conducted sufficiently in advance, and if they are to be undertaken, such activities shall be planned and carried out so as to minimize potential adverse effects;
(d) Agriculture, grazing, forestry and fisheries practices shall be adapted to the natural characteristics and constraints of given areas;
(e) Areas degraded by human activities shall be rehabilitated for purposes in accord with their natural potential and compatible with the well-being of affected populations.
12. Discharge of pollutants into natural systems shall be avoided and:
(a) Where this is not feasible, such pollutants shall be treated at the source, using the best practicable means available;
(b) Special precautions shall be taken to prevent discharge of radioactive or toxic wastes.
13. Measures intended to prevent, control or limit natural disasters, infestations and diseases shall be specifically directed to the causes of these scourges and shall avoid averse side-effects on nature.
III. IMPLEMENTATION
14. The principles set forth in the present Charter shall be reflected in the law and practice of each State, as well as at the international level.
15. Knowledge of nature shall be broadly disseminated by all possible means, particularly by ecological education as an integral part of general education.
16. All planning shall include, among its essential elements, the formulation of strategies for the conservation of nature, the establishment of inventories of ecosystems and assessments of the effects on nature of proposed policies and activities; all of these elements shall be disclosed to the public by appropriate means in time to permit effective consultation and participation.
17. Funds, programmes and administrative structures necessary to achieve the objective of the conservation of nature shall be provided.
18. Constant efforts shall be made to increase knowledge of nature by scientific research and to disseminate such knowledge unimpeded by restrictions of any kind.
19. The status of natural processes, ecosystems and species shall be closely monitored to enable early detection of degradation or threat, ensure timely intervention and facilitate the evaluation of conservation policies and methods.
20. Military activities damaging to nature shall be avoided.
21. States and, to the extent they are able, other public authorities, international organizations, individuals, groups and corporations shall:
(a) Co-operate in the task of conserving nature through common activities and other relevant actions, including information exchange and consultations;
(b) Establish standards for products and other manufacturing processes that may have adverse effects on nature, as well as agreed methodologies for assessing these effects;
(c) Implement the applicable international legal provisions for the conservation of nature and the protection of the environment;
(d) Ensure that activities within their jurisdictions or control do not cause damage to the natural systems located within other States or in the areas beyond the limits of national jurisdiction;
(e) Safeguard and conserve nature in areas beyond national jurisdiction.
22. Taking fully into account the sovereignty of States over their natural resources, each State shall give effect to the provisions of the present Charter through its competent organs and in co-operation with other States.
23. All persons, in accordance with their national legislation, shall have the opportunity to participate, individually or with others, in the formulation of decisions of direct concern to their environment, and shall have access to means of redress when their environment has suffered damage or degradation.
24. Each person has a duty to act in accordance with the provisions of the present Charter, acting individually, in association with others or through participation in the political process, each person shall strive to ensure that the objectives and requirements of the present Charter are met.
世界自然憲章大會(huì )，重申聯(lián)合國的基本宗旨，特別是維持國際和平與安全、發(fā)展各國間友好關(guān)系和進(jìn)行國際合作以解決經(jīng)濟、社會(huì )、文化、技術(shù)、知識或人道方面的國際問(wèn)題等宗旨，
認識到：
(a)人類(lèi)是自然的一部分，生命有賴(lài)于自然系統的功能維持不墜，以保證能源和養料的供應，
(b)文明起源于自然，自然塑造了人類(lèi)的文化，一切藝術(shù)和科學(xué)成就都受到自然的影響，人類(lèi)與大自然和諧相處，才有最好的機會(huì )發(fā)揮創(chuàng )造力和得到休息與娛樂(lè )，
深信：
(a)每種生命形式都是獨特的，無(wú)論對人類(lèi)的價(jià)值如何，都應得到尊重，為了給予其他有機物這樣的承認，人類(lèi)必須受行為道德準則的約束；
(b)人類(lèi)的行為或行為的后果，能夠改變自然，耗盡自然資源；因此，人類(lèi)必須充分認識到迫切需要維持大自然的穩定和素質(zhì)，以及養護自然資源，
確信：
(a)從大自然得到持久益處有賴(lài)于維持基本的生態(tài)過(guò)程和生命維持系統，也有賴(lài)于生命形式的多種多樣，而人類(lèi)過(guò)度開(kāi)發(fā)或破壞生境會(huì )危害上述現象，
(b)如果由于過(guò)度消耗和濫用自然資源以及各國和各國人民間未能建立起適當的經(jīng)濟秩序而使自然系統退化，文明的經(jīng)濟、社會(huì )、政治結構就會(huì )崩潰，
(c)爭奪稀有的資源會(huì )造成沖突，而養護大自然和自然資源則有助于伸張正義和維持和平，但只有在人類(lèi)學(xué)會(huì )和平相處、摒棄戰爭和軍備以后才能實(shí)現，
重申：
人類(lèi)必須學(xué)會(huì )如何維持和增進(jìn)他們利用自然資源的能力，同時(shí)保證能夠保存各種物種和生態(tài)系統以造福今世和后代，
堅信：
有必要在國家和國際、個(gè)人和集體、公共和私人各級上采取適當措施，以保護大自然和促進(jìn)這個(gè)領(lǐng)域內的國際合作，
為此目的，茲通過(guò)本《世界自然憲章》，宣布下列養護原則，指導和判斷人類(lèi)一切影響自然的行為。
一、一般原則
1．應尊重大自然，不得損害大自然的基本過(guò)程?！?br />
2．地球上的遺傳活力不得加以損害；不論野生或家養，各種生命形式都必須至少維持其足以生存繁衍的數量，為此目的應該保障必要的生境。
3．各項養護原則適用于地球上一切地區，包括陸地和海洋；獨特地區、所有各種類(lèi)生態(tài)系統的典型地帶、罕見(jiàn)或有滅絕危險物種的生境，應受特別保護。
4．對人類(lèi)所利用的生態(tài)系統和有機體以及陸地、海洋和大氣資源，應設法使其達到并維持最適宜的持續生產(chǎn)率，但不得危及與其共存的其他生態(tài)系統或物種的完整性。
5．應保護大自然，使其免于因戰爭或其他敵對活動(dòng)而退化。
二、功 能
6．在決策過(guò)程中應認識到，只有確保自然系統適當發(fā)揮功能，并遵守本《憲章》載列的各項原則，才能滿(mǎn)足人類(lèi)的需要。
7．在規劃和進(jìn)行社會(huì )經(jīng)濟發(fā)展活動(dòng)時(shí)，應適當考慮到養護自然是這些活動(dòng)的一個(gè)組成部分。
8．在制定經(jīng)濟發(fā)展、人口增長(cháng)和提高生活水平的長(cháng)期計劃時(shí)，應適當考慮到自然系統須確有使有關(guān)人口的生存和居住的長(cháng)期能力，同時(shí)認識到這種能力可能通過(guò)科學(xué)和技術(shù)加以提高。
9．應計劃地分配地球上各地區作何用途，并應適當考慮到有關(guān)地區的實(shí)質(zhì)限制、生物生殖率和多樣性以及自然美。
10．自然資源不得浪費，應符合本《憲章》載列的原則，按照下列規則有節制地加以使用：
(a)生物資源的利用，不得超過(guò)其天然再生能力；
(b)應采取措施保持土壤的長(cháng)期肥力和有機分解作用，并防止侵蝕和一切其他形式的退化，以維持或提高土壤的生產(chǎn)率；
(c)使用時(shí)并不消耗的資源，包括水資源，應將其回收利用或再循環(huán)；
(d)使用時(shí)會(huì )消耗的不可再生資源，應考慮到這些資源是否豐富，是否有可能合理地加以加工用于消費，其開(kāi)發(fā)與自然系統的發(fā)揮功能是否相容等因素而有節制地開(kāi)發(fā)。
11．應控制那些可能影響大自然的活動(dòng)，并應采用能盡量減輕對大自然構成重大危險或其他不利影響的現有最優(yōu)良技術(shù)，特別是：
(a)應避免那些可能對大自然造成不可挽回的損害的活動(dòng)；
(b)在進(jìn)行可能對大自然構成重大危險的活動(dòng)之前應先徹底調查；這種活動(dòng)的倡議者必須證明預期的益處超過(guò)大自然可能受到的損害；如果不能完全了解可能造成的不利影響，活動(dòng)即不得進(jìn)行；
(c)在進(jìn)行可能干擾大自然的活動(dòng)之前應先估計后果，事先盡早研究發(fā)展項目對環(huán)境的影響；如確定要進(jìn)行這些活動(dòng)，則應周密計劃之后再進(jìn)行，以便最大限度地減低可能造成的不利影響；
(d)農、牧、林、漁業(yè)的活動(dòng)應配合各自地區的自然特征和限制因素；
(e)因人類(lèi)活動(dòng)而退化的地區應予恢復，用于能配合其自然潛力并符合受損害居民福利的用途。
12．應避免向自然系統排放污染物：
(a)如不得不排放污染物，應使用最佳的可行方法，于產(chǎn)生污染物的原地加以處理；
(b)應采取特殊預防措施，防止排放放射性或有毒廢料。
13．旨在預防、控制或限制自然災害、蟲(chóng)害和病害的措施，應針對這些災害的成因，并應避免對大自然產(chǎn)生有害的副作用。
三、實(shí) 施
14．本《憲章》載列的各項原則應列入每個(gè)國家的以及國際一級的法律中，并予實(shí)行。
15．有關(guān)大自然的知識應以一切可能手段廣為傳播，特別是應進(jìn)行生態(tài)教育，使其成為普通教育的一個(gè)組成部分。
16．所有規劃工作都應將擬訂養護大自然的戰略、建立生態(tài)系統的清單、評估擬議的政策和活動(dòng)對大自然的影響等列為基本要素；所有這些要素都應以適當方式及時(shí)公告周知，以便得到有效的咨商和參與。
17．應提供必要的資金、計劃和行政結構以實(shí)現養護大自然的目的。
18．應經(jīng)常努力進(jìn)行研究以增進(jìn)有關(guān)大自然的知識，并不受任何限制地廣為傳播這種知識。
19．應密切監測自然過(guò)程、生態(tài)系統和物種的狀況，以便盡早察覺(jué)退化或受威脅情況，保證及時(shí)干預，并便利對養護政策和方法的評價(jià)。
20．應避免進(jìn)行損及大自然的軍事活動(dòng)。
21．各國和有此能力的其他公共機構、國際組織、個(gè)人、團體和公司都應：
(a)通過(guò)共同活動(dòng)和其他有關(guān)活動(dòng)，包括交換情報和協(xié)商，合作進(jìn)行養護大自然的工作；
(b)制定可能對大自然有不利影響的產(chǎn)品制作程序的標準，以及議定評估這種影響的方法；
(c)實(shí)施有關(guān)的養護大自然和保護環(huán)境的國際法律規定；
(d)確保在其管轄或控制下的活動(dòng)不損害別國境內或國家管轄范圍以外地區的自然系統；
(e)保護和養護位于國家管轄范圍以外地區的大自然。
22．在充分照顧到各國對其自然資源主權的情形下，每個(gè)國家均應通過(guò)本國主管機構并與其他國家合作，執行《憲章》的各項規定。
23．人人都應當有機會(huì )按照本國法律個(gè)別地或集體地參加擬訂與其環(huán)境直接有關(guān)的決定；遇到此種環(huán)境受損或退化時(shí)，應有辦法訴請補救。
24．人人有義務(wù)按照本《憲章》的規定行事；人人都應個(gè)別地或集體地采取行動(dòng)，或通過(guò)參與政治生活，盡力保證達到本《憲章》的目標和要求。
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